DUGi

Cervical cancer: a systematic review

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Cancer is a concept that describes a wide number of diseases which present the same trait: a fast, uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells. The gynaecological cancer is localised in the organs of the female reproductive system, such as the ovary, the uterus, the cervix, the vagina, and the vulva. According to the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO), cancer is the second cause of mortality in the World, as approximately 1 out of 6 deceases is caused by this disease; cervical dysplasia is mostly detected in women between 20 and 30 years old, although deceases of youngers than 30 are considered isolated cases (The National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2021). On global scale, out of the fives possible regions where gynaecological cancer can appear, the cervix is the one having the most incidence, followed by the uterus and the ovary; in particular, in 2020, 3.1% new cases of cervical cancer were registered (The Global Cancer Observatory [GLOBOCAN], 2020). Diverse risk factors, such as lifestyle and external infections - like the one produced by the Human Papilloma virus (HPV) (GLOBOCAN, 2022) -, may produce gynaecological tumours; this disease could also be a consequence of genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The aim of this Dissertation is to review systematically the factors that may underlie cervical cancer, either these are genetic or external factors. In addition, how this cancer develops is approached together with the methods of diagnosis and treatment. For this purpose, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined in a PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, Study) table and a literature search was conducted through MEDLINE-PubMed until January 2022; based on this selection, a total of 68 articles was included. Results indicated that the source that originates cervical cancer is mostly the genetic variation along with environmental factors. In conclusion, the genetic component in individuals was found to be relevant for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of cervical cancer. In spite of all the aforementioned, further research and an update on treatment and diagnosis are needed to reduce the occurrence and mortality of this disease